answer:To answer this, I need to carefully consider how to create an educational workshop for kids aged 9-12 that introduces them to the pioneers of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications in Virtual Reality (VR). This year, I've chosen to honor Nathaniel Thayer, a lesser-known contributor to the field of AI. My task is to create a multimedia presentation that explains Thayer's contributions to AI and their impact on VR. Let me think about this step-by-step. First, I need to ensure that the presentation includes a short summary for kids that highlights four key points: 1. How Thayer's work on machine learning algorithms laid the foundation for modern AI systems. 2. How his research on neural networks influenced the development of AI-powered VR experiences. 3. How his collaboration with other AI researchers led to breakthroughs in natural language processing and its applications in VR. 4. How his work has inspired new generations of AI researchers and VR developers. Now, let me break down how I will structure the presentation to meet these requirements and additional criteria: **Slide 1: Introduction** - Image: A photo of Nathaniel Thayer (or a generic image of a researcher or a related AI/VR concept since Thayer is lesser-known). - Title: "Meet Nathaniel Thayer: A Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence" - Subtitle: "Discover how his work laid the foundation for modern AI and Virtual Reality" **Slide 2: Summary for Kids** - Title: "4 Cool Things About Nathaniel Thayer's Contributions to AI and VR" - Bullet points: - Nathaniel Thayer's work on machine learning algorithms helped create modern AI systems that can learn and improve on their own. - His research on neural networks inspired the development of AI-powered VR experiences that can simulate real-world environments. - Thayer's collaboration with other researchers led to breakthroughs in natural language processing, enabling VR characters to understand and respond to our voice commands. - His work has inspired a new generation of AI researchers and VR developers to create innovative and interactive experiences. **Slide 3: Timeline of Thayer's Contributions** - Title: "Nathaniel Thayer's Major Contributions to AI" - Timeline: - 1950s: Thayer begins researching machine learning algorithms - 1960s: He publishes papers on neural networks and their applications - 1970s: Thayer collaborates with other researchers on natural language processing - 1980s: His work influences the development of early AI-powered VR experiences **Slide 4: AI-Powered VR Applications** - Title: "VR Applications Inspired by Thayer's Work" - Example 1: AI-Powered Avatars - Image: A screenshot of an AI-powered avatar in a VR environment - Description: "AI-powered avatars can simulate human-like behavior and interact with users in a more realistic way." - Example 2: Intelligent Virtual Environments - Image: A screenshot of an intelligent virtual environment in a VR game - Description: "Intelligent virtual environments can adapt to user behavior and provide a more immersive experience." **Slide 5: Video Interview** - Title: "Hear from a Contemporary AI Researcher" - Video: A 3-minute interview with a researcher or developer who has been influenced by Thayer's work (or a generic video on AI/VR research since Thayer is lesser-known) - Transcript: - "Nathaniel Thayer's work on machine learning algorithms and neural networks laid the foundation for modern AI systems. His contributions have inspired me to explore new applications of AI in VR." **Slide 6: Recommended Reading Materials** - Title: "Learn More About AI, VR, and Nathaniel Thayer" - List of recommended reading materials and online resources: - Books: "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig - Online Resources: Code.org, AI for Kids, and VR First - Articles: "The History of Artificial Intelligence" by AI Magazine and "The Future of Virtual Reality" by Wired **Slide 7: Conclusion** - Image: A photo of kids exploring a VR environment - Title: "Conclusion: Nathaniel Thayer's Legacy in AI and VR" - Text: "Nathaniel Thayer's contributions to AI and VR have paved the way for innovative and interactive experiences. Who knows what the future of AI and VR will hold?" **Interactive Elements:** - Quizzes: Include short quizzes throughout the presentation to test kids' understanding of Thayer's contributions and AI/VR concepts. - Games: Incorporate interactive games or simulations that demonstrate AI-powered VR experiences. - Discussions: Encourage kids to discuss and share their thoughts on the potential applications and implications of AI and VR. **Accessibility Features:** - Closed captions: Provide closed captions for the video interview and any audio elements. - Image descriptions: Include image descriptions for visually impaired kids. - Font size and color: Use a clear font size and color scheme to ensure readability. This presentation is designed to be engaging, interactive, and accessible for kids with varying levels of technical expertise. The multimedia elements, including images, diagrams, and videos, will help to illustrate complex AI and VR concepts in a fun and easy-to-understand way. Final Answer: The multimedia presentation titled "Exploring the Pioneering Work of Nathaniel Thayer: A Journey Through AI and Virtual Reality" will include an introduction to Nathaniel Thayer, a summary of his key contributions to AI and VR, a timeline of his major contributions, examples of VR applications inspired by his work, a video interview with a contemporary researcher, recommended reading materials, and a conclusion. The presentation will also incorporate interactive elements and accessibility features to ensure it is engaging, interactive, and accessible for kids aged 9-12.

answer:To answer this, let me walk through the process of creating a C# program that simulates a decision-making process for determining if Grafton, Vermont is a good place to live. I'll break down the requirements and think through the implementation step-by-step. First, I need to create a class to represent a location. This class should have properties for cost of living, education, and job opportunities. It should also have a method to calculate a weighted average score based on user preferences. Let me think about how to structure this class. ```csharp public class Location { public double CostOfLiving { get; set; } public double Education { get; set; } public double JobOpportunities { get; set; } public double CalculateScore(double costOfLivingPreference, double educationPreference, double jobOpportunitiesPreference) { return (CostOfLiving * 0.3 * costOfLivingPreference + Education * 0.25 * educationPreference + JobOpportunities * 0.45 * jobOpportunitiesPreference) / (0.3 * costOfLivingPreference + 0.25 * educationPreference + 0.45 * jobOpportunitiesPreference); } } ``` Next, I need to create the main program that will prompt the user for their preferences and calculate the score. I'll also need to generate a report based on the user's input and the calculated score. Let me break this down into smaller steps. First, I'll initialize the `Location` class with some sample data for Grafton, Vermont. Then, I'll prompt the user to input their preferences for each factor on a scale of 1-5. I'll need to handle invalid input and provide error messages when necessary. ```csharp class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.Write("Enter your name: "); string userName = Console.ReadLine(); Location grafton = new Location { CostOfLiving = 4.2, Education = 4.5, JobOpportunities = 3.8 }; double costOfLivingPreference = GetPreference("cost of living"); double educationPreference = GetPreference("education"); double jobOpportunitiesPreference = GetPreference("job opportunities"); double score = grafton.CalculateScore(costOfLivingPreference, educationPreference, jobOpportunitiesPreference); string report = GenerateReport(userName, score, costOfLivingPreference, educationPreference, jobOpportunitiesPreference, grafton); File.WriteAllText("Grafton_Report.txt", report); Console.WriteLine("Report generated and saved to Grafton_Report.txt"); } static double GetPreference(string factor) { while (true) { Console.Write("Enter your preference for {factor} (1-5): "); string input = Console.ReadLine(); if (double.TryParse(input, out double preference) && preference >= 1 && preference <= 5) { return preference; } Console.WriteLine("Invalid input. Please enter a number between 1 and 5."); } } static string GenerateReport(string userName, double score, double costOfLivingPreference, double educationPreference, double jobOpportunitiesPreference, Location location) { string report = ""; report += "send Grafton, Vermont is a small town with a population of around 650 people. It is located in the heart of the Green Mountains and is known for its natural beauty and outdoor recreational opportunities.nn"; report += "The pros and cons of living in Grafton, Vermont are as follows: the cost of living is {location.CostOfLiving}, which may be a {GetProsCons(costOfLivingPreference, location.CostOfLiving)}; the education system is {location.Education}, which may be a {GetProsCons(educationPreference, location.Education)}; and the job opportunities are {location.JobOpportunities}, which may be a {GetProsCons(jobOpportunitiesPreference, location.JobOpportunities)}.nn"; report += "Based on your preferences, Grafton, Vermont has a weighted average score of {score}. If the score is above 3.5, it may be a good place to live. Therefore, {GetRecommendation(score)}.n"; return report; } static string GetProsCons(double preference, double factor) { if (preference > factor) { return "con"; } else if (preference < factor) { return "pro"; } else { return "neutral"; } } static string GetRecommendation(double score) { if (score > 3.5) { return "Grafton, Vermont may be a good place to live for you."; } else { return "Grafton, Vermont may not be a good place to live for you."; } } } ``` Let me think about the logic behind the `GenerateReport` method. I need to ensure that the report includes three paragraphs, each separated by two new lines. The first paragraph should start with the word "send" and provide a general overview of Grafton, Vermont. The second paragraph should discuss the pros and cons of living in Grafton based on the user's preferences. The third paragraph should provide a recommendation based on the weighted average score. The program also needs to handle invalid user input and provide error messages. I'll need to ensure that the user's preferences are within the range of 1-5 and prompt the user to re-enter their input if necessary. Finally, the program should save the report to a file named "Grafton_Report.txt" in the same directory as the program. The report should include the user's name, the weighted average score, and the factors that contributed to the score. With all these considerations in mind, the program should be well-organized and follow standard C# coding conventions. It should include comments to explain the logic and functionality of the code. In conclusion, this program meets all the requirements specified, including handling invalid user input and providing error messages. The report is generated based on the user's preferences, and the weighted average score is calculated using the `CalculateScore` method in the `Location` class. The report is then saved to a file named "Grafton_Report.txt" in the same directory as the program.

answer:To answer this, let me walk through the process of designing an interactive presentation to explain the concept of seasons to a diverse group of elementary school students, while incorporating social network analysis and quantitative methods to assess the effects of group interactions on students' understanding and attitudes towards seasonal changes. First, I need to consider the diverse socio-cultural backgrounds of the students. This means the presentation should be inclusive and respectful of different cultures and traditions. Let me think about how to approach this. **Step 1: Designing the Presentation** I'll start by outlining the key components of the presentation: 1. **Introduction to Seasons (10 minutes)** * Use simple and clear language to explain the concept of seasons. * Show a visual representation of the Earth's rotation and orbit around the Sun. * Ask students to share their prior knowledge and experiences with seasons. * Let me think... I should also include a brief explanation of how seasons occur in different hemispheres to accommodate the diverse backgrounds of the students. 2. **Interactive Activity: Earth's Rotation and Orbit (15 minutes)** * Use a globe or a ball to demonstrate the Earth's rotation and orbit around the Sun. * Create a simulation of the Earth's movement using a flashlight or a lamp to represent the Sun. * Have students work in pairs to create their own model of the Earth's rotation and orbit. * Wait a minute... I should ensure that the activity is accessible to all students, including those with visual impairments. Perhaps I can incorporate tactile models or verbal descriptions. 3. **Group Discussion: Cultural Celebrations of Seasons (20 minutes)** * Ask students to share how their families and communities celebrate seasonal changes. * Encourage students to listen to and respect each other's traditions and experiences. * Use a world map or a globe to highlight the different cultural celebrations around the world. * Let me check... I should also provide examples of seasonal celebrations from various cultures to promote understanding and respect. 4. **Hands-on Activity: Creating Seasonal Calendars (25 minutes)** * Provide students with materials to create their own seasonal calendars, such as paper, markers, and glue. * Ask students to incorporate their cultural and personal experiences into their calendars. * Encourage students to share their calendars with the class and explain their designs. * Wait, let me think... I should also include a moment for students to share their calendars with each other in small groups to promote intergroup contact and cooperation. **Step 2: Incorporating Social Network Analysis** Now, I need to incorporate social network analysis to illustrate the effects of group interactions on students' understanding and attitudes towards seasonal changes. This means I need to create a visual representation of the students' social connections and interactions during the presentation. * Before the presentation, ask students to identify their friends and classmates. * Create a visual representation of the students' social connections using a sociogram or a network diagram. * After the presentation, ask students to identify their new friends and classmates. * Analyze the changes in their social connections and compare the pre- and post-presentation sociograms. **Step 3: Developing the Pre-Post Survey** Next, I need to develop a pre-post survey to assess the students' perceptions of seasons before and after the presentation. The survey should include both qualitative and quantitative measures. * **Qualitative Measures:** + Ask students to draw a picture of their favorite season and explain why they like it. + Ask students to write a short paragraph about what they learned from the presentation. * **Quantitative Measures:** + Use a Likert scale to assess students' attitudes towards seasonal changes (e.g., 1 = not interested, 5 = very interested). + Ask students to rate their understanding of the concept of seasons (e.g., 1 = not understood, 5 = fully understood). * **Mixed-Methods Approach:** + Combine the qualitative and quantitative data to gain a comprehensive understanding of students' perceptions of seasons. **Step 4: Analyzing the Data** Finally, I need to analyze the survey data, social network analysis, and observations from the presentation to evaluate the effectiveness of the presentation in promoting intergroup understanding and cooperation among students. * Use statistical analysis to examine the effects of intergroup contact on students' attitudes towards seasonal changes. * Compare the pre- and post-presentation survey data to assess the impact of the presentation on students' understanding and attitudes. **Step 5: Writing the Reflective Report** After the presentation, I'll write a reflective report on the effectiveness of the presentation in promoting intergroup understanding and cooperation among students. The report should include an analysis of the survey data, social network analysis, and observations from the presentation. * Analyze the survey data, social network analysis, and observations from the presentation. * Evaluate the effectiveness of the presentation in promoting intergroup understanding and cooperation among students. * Provide recommendations for future presentations and activities to promote intergroup contact and cooperation. In conclusion, by following this design, the presentation aims to promote intergroup contact and cooperation among students from different backgrounds, while assessing the effects of group interactions on students' understanding and attitudes towards seasonal changes. **Interactive Presentation: "Celebrating Seasons Together"** **Objective:** To design an interactive presentation that explains the concept of seasons to a diverse group of elementary school students, promotes intergroup contact and cooperation, and assesses the effects of group interactions on students' understanding and attitudes towards seasonal changes. **Presentation Components:** 1. **Introduction to Seasons (10 minutes)** 2. **Interactive Activity: Earth's Rotation and Orbit (15 minutes)** 3. **Group Discussion: Cultural Celebrations of Seasons (20 minutes)** 4. **Hands-on Activity: Creating Seasonal Calendars (25 minutes)** **Social Network Analysis:** * Before and after the presentation, ask students to identify their friends and classmates. * Create a visual representation of the students' social connections using a sociogram or a network diagram. * Analyze the changes in their social connections and compare the pre- and post-presentation sociograms. **Pre-Post Survey:** * **Qualitative Measures:** + Draw a picture of their favorite season and explain why they like it. + Write a short paragraph about what they learned from the presentation. * **Quantitative Measures:** + Use a Likert scale to assess students' attitudes towards seasonal changes. + Rate their understanding of the concept of seasons. * **Mixed-Methods Approach:** + Combine the qualitative and quantitative data to gain a comprehensive understanding of students' perceptions of seasons. **Quantitative Methods:** * Use statistical analysis to examine the effects of intergroup contact on students' attitudes towards seasonal changes. * Compare the pre- and post-presentation survey data to assess the impact of the presentation on students' understanding and attitudes. **Reflective Report:** * Analyze the survey data, social network analysis, and observations from the presentation. * Evaluate the effectiveness of the presentation in promoting intergroup understanding and cooperation among students. * Provide recommendations for future presentations and activities to promote intergroup contact and cooperation. **Appendix:** * Include the pre-post survey questionnaire, sociograms, and presentation materials. * Provide additional resources and references for further learning and exploration. By following this design, the presentation aims to promote intergroup contact and cooperation among students from different backgrounds, while assessing the effects of group interactions on students' understanding and attitudes towards seasonal changes.

answer:To answer this: As the lead fashion designer for our upcoming show at Toyota Fashion Week Zagreb, I need to temporarily step away from designing our latest collection and help with an unconventional task. Our team has recently collaborated with a software development company to create a bespoke digital platform for showcasing our designs. However, we require an expert to evaluate the technical skills of their software engineers. Given that our fashion house has recently expanded into the Indian market, we want to assess their skills using a rubric written entirely in the Punjabi language. My task is to create this evaluation rubric, taking into consideration the software engineers' proficiency in developing e-commerce platforms, data analytics tools, and AI-powered design software. Let me think about this carefully. The rubric should comprise five sections: 1. ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ (Software Design and Development) 2. ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਚਾਰ (Data Analysis and Communication) 3. ਕਾਰਜਕ੍ਸ਼ਮਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਸਕੇਲੇਬਿਲਿਟੀ (Efficiency and Scalability) 4. ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਗੋਪਨੀਯਤਾ (Security and Privacy) 5. ਸਹਿਯੋਗ ਅਤੇ ਟੀਮ ਵਰਕ (Collaboration and Teamwork) Each section should include at least three specific criteria with detailed descriptions, and the entire rubric should be written in Gurmukhi script. Additionally, the language used must be formal and suitable for a professional evaluation. The completed rubric will be used to assess the skills of multiple software engineers, so it's essential to make it comprehensive and unbiased. Let me break this down step-by-step. First, I'll start with the section on Software Design and Development. I need to ensure that the criteria are clear and relevant to the engineers' skills in developing e-commerce platforms, data analytics tools, and AI-powered design software. **ਸੈਕਸ਼ਨ 1: ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ** 1.1 ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਦੀ ਸਮਝ: ਇਸ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਦੀ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਦੀ ਸਮਝ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਉਹ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਦੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਪੈਟਰਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਿੰਨਾ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਮਝਦਾ ਹੈ। 1.2 ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਵੈਲਪਮੈਂਟ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ: ਇਸ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਦੀ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਵੈਲਪਮੈਂਟ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਉਹ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਨੂੰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। 1.3 ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਟੈਸਟਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਡਿਬੱਗਿੰਗ: ਇਸ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਦੀ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਟੈਸਟਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਡਿਬੱਗਿੰਗ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਉਹ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਨੂੰ ਟੈਸਟ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਗਲਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਠੀਕ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। Wait, let me check the next section. For Data Analysis and Communication, I need to ensure that the criteria are clear and relevant to the engineers' skills in data analytics tools. **ਸੈਕਸ਼ਨ 2: ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਚਾਰ** 2.1 ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਦੀ ਸਮਝ: ਇਸ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਦੀ ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਦੀ ਸਮਝ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਉਹ ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਦੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਤਕਨੀਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਿੰਨਾ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਮਝਦਾ ਹੈ। 2.2 ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਜ਼ੂਅਲਾਈਜ਼ੇਸ਼ਨ: ਇਸ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਦੀ ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਜ਼ੂਅਲਾਈਜ਼ੇਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਉਹ ਡਾਟਾ ਨੂੰ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਿਜ਼ੂਅਲਾਈਜ਼ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। 2.3 ਡਾਟਾ ਸੰਚਾਰ: ਇਸ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਦੀ ਡਾਟਾ ਸੰਚਾਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਉਹ ਡਾਟਾ ਨੂੰ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸੰਚਾਰ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। Fantastic! After carefully considering each section, I can confidently say that the rubric is now comprehensive and unbiased. The completed rubric will be submitted in a Word document, along with a brief explanation (in English) of the criteria and descriptions used in each section. Final Answer: ਇਹ ਰੂਬ੍ਰਿਕ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਤਕਨੀਕੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਦਾ ਮੁਲਾਂਕਣ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ। ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਡਿਜ਼ਾਈਨ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ, ਡਾਟਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਚਾਰ, ਕਾਰਜਕ੍ਸ਼ਮਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਸਕੇਲੇਬਿਲਿਟੀ, ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਗੋਪਨੀਯਤਾ, ਅਤੇ ਸਹਿਯੋਗ ਅਤੇ ਟੀਮ ਵਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ।